THE SKELETAL SYSTEM
I. GROSS ANATOMY: Learn to recognize the following bones and bone
markings on diagrams, by X-ray, on articulated skeletons, and individually from
the disarticulated skeletons, as applicable.
A. AXIAL SKELETON
1. Skull
a. cranial bones
(1) frontal
(a) sinus
(b) supra-orbital ridge
(c) supra-orbital foramen
(may look like notch)
(d) coronal suture (between frontal and anterior
border of parietals)
(2) parietal
(a) sagittal suture, between parietals
(b) lambdoid suture, between posterior parietals
and occipital bone
(c) squamous suture, between parietals and squamous
of temporal
(3) occipital
(a) occipital condyles
(b) foramen magnum
(c) superior and
inferior nuchal lines
(d) external occipital protuberance
(4) temporal
(a) external acoustic (auditory) meatus
(b) mastoid process
(c) styloid process
(d) petrous portion
(e) zygomatic process
(f) jugular foramen
(g) carotid canal
(h) internal acoustic meatus
(i)
foramen lacerum
(5) sphenoid
(a) greater and lesser wings
(b) pterygoid processes
(c) sella turcica
(d) optic canal
(e) foramen ovale
(f) superior orbital fissure
(6) ethmoid
(a) perpendicular plate
(b) crista galli
(c) cribriform (horizontal) plate
(d) middle
nasal concha
b.Facial bones
(1) nasal bones
(2) lacrimal bones
(3) zygomatic bones
(a) orbital process
(b) temporal process
(c) maxillary process
(4) maxilla
(a) alveolar margin
(b) infra-orbital foramen
(c) palatine processes
(5) palatine bones
(6) mandible
(a) ramus
(b) condyle
(c) mandibular
angle
(d) body
(e) coronoid process
(f) alveolar margin
(g)
mental foramen
(7) vomer
(8) inferior
nasal concha
C. Paranasal sinuses
a. frontal
b. ethmoid
c. sphenoid
d. maxillary
2.hyoid bone
3. ribs (compare first rib to others; also compare
floating ribs)
4. sternum
a. manubrium
b. jugular notch
c. sternal angle
d. body
e. xiphoid process
f. clavicular notch
5. Vertebrae: lamina, pedicles,
centrum, spinous process, superior and
inferior articulating processes, vertebral foramen,
intervertebral foramen
a. cervical (7)
(1) bifid spinous process
(2) transverse foramina
(3) C1 = atlas
(4) C2 = axis with odontoid process (Dens)
b. thoracic (12)
(1) downward sharp spinous process
(2) articulating facets on centrum and transverse
processes for ribs
c. lumbar (5)
(1) massive centrum
(body)
(2) short, wide spinous process
d. sacral: (5) fused to form sacrum
(1) sacral canal
(2) sacroiliac joint
(3) sacral foramen
(4) median sacral crest
(5) sacral hiatus
(6) sacral promontory
(7) apex
(8) ala
e. coccyx: (1-4) fused
B. APPENDICULAR SKELETON
1. Pectoral Girdle
a. scapula (right or left)
(1) coracoid process
(2) acromion process
(3) spine
(4) supraspinous fossa
(5) infraspinous fossa
(6) glenoid fossa (cavity)
(7) subscapular fossa
(8) suprascapular notch
(9) vertebral (medial) border
(10) axillary (lateral) border
(11) inferior angle
b. clavicle
(1) acromial end
(2) sternal end
2. Bones of upper extremity: arm and forearm
a. humerus (right or left)
(1) head
(2) neck: surgical and anatomical
(3) greater and lesser tubercles (tuberosities)
(4) intertubercular groove
(5) deltoid tuberosity
(6) medial and lateral epicondyles
(7) trochlea
(8) capitulum
(9) olecranon fossa
(10) coronoid fossa
b. radius
(1) head and (2) neck
(3) shaft
(4) styloid process
(5) ulnar notch
c. ulna
(1) olecranon process
(2) trochlear notch
(3) radial notch
(4) coronoid process
(5) head
(6) styloid process
3. Bones of upper extremity, wrist and hand
a. carpals (8)
b. metacarpals (5)
c. phalanges (14)
(1) proximal
(2) middle (not on thumb)
(3) distal
4. Pelvic girdle (os coxae)
a. ilium
(1) iliac crest
(2) anterior superior and
inferior iliac spine
(3) posterior superior and
inferior iliac spine
(4) iliac fossa
(5) sacroiliac joint
(6) greater sciatic notch
b. ischium
(1) ischial spine
(2) lesser sciatic notch
(3) ischial tuberosity
c. pubis
(1) pubic rami
(2) pubic symphysis
d. acetabulum (acetabular fossa)
e. obturator foramen
5. Bones of thigh and leg
a. femur (right or left)
(1) head
(2) fovea capitis
(3) neck
(4) greater and lesser trochanter
(5) gluteal tuberosity
(6) shaft
(7) linea aspera
(8) epicondyles
(9) medial and lateral
condyles
(10) intercondylar fossa
(11) patellar surface
b. tibia (right or left)
(1) tibial condyles
(2) intercondylar eminence
(3) medial malleolus
(4) shaft
(5) tibial tuberosity
c. fibula
(1) head
(2) shaft
(3) lateral malleolus
d. patella
6. Bones of ankle and foot
a. tarsals (7)
(1) calcaneus
(2) talus
b. metatarsals (5)
c. phalanges (14)
(1) proximal
(2) middle (for four toes)
(3) distal
II. Histology: Review slide of ground bone as studied previously in
laboratory study of tissues. Look for osteon, Haversian canal, lamellae, lacunae
containing osteocytes, and canaliculi.