I.   MUSCLE HISTOLOGY: Use the microscope, prepared slides, and text or atlas references to study tissue samples of the three muscle tissue categories. Learn to recognize the differences  between them, and  know the specific characteristics of each:
 

•  A. skeletal--long parallel striated fibers, multi-nucleated,
                    peripheral nuclei underneath sarcolemma;
                    recognize endomysium, perimysium, and epimysium
•  B. smooth--non-striated spindle-shaped cells, single  nucleus
   C. cardiac--branched, striated fibers with central nuclei
               between intercalated discs (appear as striations, but darker)

II. MUSCLE ANATOMY: Identification of selected skeletal muscles on torsos, models, and preserved cats.

I.   Muscles of facial expression            

 A. Frontalis: wrinkle skin of forehead, raise eyebrows
 B. Orbicularis oculi: close eyelids
 C. Orbicularis oris: close and purse lips
 D. Risorius: pulls corners of lips laterally, grimace
 E. Zygomaticus major: pulls corners of lips up, smile
 F. Buccinator: tone in cheek, sucking, whistling
 G. Platysma: depresses mandible, corners of lips down
 

 A. Superior, medial, and inferior rectus: eyeball up, medial, down respectively
 B. Lateral rectus: eyeball lateral
 C. Superior oblique: eyeball downward and outward rotation
 D. Inferior oblique: eyeball upward and outward rotation

 A. Masseter: strongly elevate mandible, close jaws
 B. Temporalis: strongly elevate mandible, close jaws

IV. Muscles moving the head on the neck

A.  Sterno(cleido)mastoid: together, flex forward; singly, tilt and rotate
B.  Capitis group, assisted by upper trapezius if shoulders are stable: extend head on neck; singly, rotate
C.  Sternohyoid: depresses larynx and hyoid bone

VI.   Muscles of the abdominal wall

 A. External abdominal oblique
 B. Internal abdominal oblique
 C. Transversus abdominis
 D. Rectus abdominis
 E.  Linea Alba

 A. Diaphragm: pushes abdominal contents down, (inspiration)
 B. External intercostals: raise and spread ribs,  (inspiration)
 C. Internal intercostals: forced expiration only

 A. Coccygeus group: tone supports pelvic organs
 B. Levator ani, external anal sphincter: controls bowel elimination

 A. Trapezius: upper portion elevates; lower, depresses
 B. Serratus anterior: rotates
 C. Pectoralis minor: pulls anteriorly
 D. Levator scapulae: elevates
 E. Rhomboideus major and minor: elevate and adduct

 A. Pectoralis major: flexes, adducts, and medially rotates
 B. Latissimus dorsi: extends, adducts, and medially rotates
 C. Deltoid: abducts
 D. Supraspinatus: abducts
 E. Infraspinatus: laterally rotates
 F. Subscapularis: medially rotates
 G. Teres major: extends, adducts, medially rotates
 H. Coracobrachialis: flexes and adducts

 A. Brachialis: flexes
 B. Brachioradialis: flexes
 C. Biceps brachii: flexes and supinates
 D. Triceps brachii: extends
 E. Supinator: supinates
 F. Pronator teres: pronates

 A. Flexor carpi radialis: flexes and abducts hand at wrist
 B. Flexor carpi ulnaris: flexes and adducts hand at wrist
 C. Extensor carpi radialis: extends, abducts hand at wrist
 D. Extensor carpi ulnaris: extends and adducts hand at wrist
 E. Palmaris longus: flexes wrist

 A. Flexor digitorum superficialis: flex fingers at metacarpo-phalangeal joints and    
       interphalangeal joints
 B. Flexor digitorum  profundus
 C. Extensors digitorum: extend fingers at metacarpo-phalangeal joints and interphalangeal joints
 D. Interosseous: intrinsic, abduct fingers at metacarpo-phalangeal joint
 E. Lumbricals: intrinsic, adduct fingers at metacarpo-phalangeal joint

 A. Iliacus and psoas major (iliopsoas): flex
 B. Gluteus maximus: extend, lateral rotation
 C. Gluteus medius: abduct, medial rotation
 D. Gluteus minimus: abduct, lateral rotation
 E. Adductor group: adductor longus and magnus: adduct and flex
 F.  Pectineus: adducts, flexes, and medially rotates thigh
G.  Tensor fasciae latae:  abducts, and medially rotates thigh, steadies trunk

 A. Gracilis: flexes knee and adducts femur
 B. Sartorius: flexes knee and femur, laterally rotates femur

  A. Quadriceps femoris: extends leg at knee
   1. rectus femoris: crosses two joints, also flexes hip
   2. vastus lateralis, vastus intermedius, and vastus medialis
 
  B. "Hamstrings": flex leg and extend thigh (cross two joints)
  1. semitendinosus (medial)
  2. semimembranosus (medial)
  3. biceps femoris (lateral)

   A. Gastrocnemius: plantar flexes foot
   B. Soleus: plantar flexes foot
   C. Tibialis anterior: dorsiflexes foot
   D. Tibialis posterior: inverts foot
   E. Fibularis longus: everts foot
   F. Fibularis brevis: everts foot
   G. Extensor digitorum longus

 

XVII.  Muscles of the Cat

        A.  Muscles of the face
                1. Masseter
        B.  Muscles of the chest and abdomen
                1.  Pectoralis major
                2.  Pectoralis minor
                3.  External Oblique
                4.  Internal Oblique
                5.  Rectus Abdominis
                6.  Transverse Abdominis
        D.  Muscles of the Arm
                1. Deltoid (generalized name)
                2.  Extensors
                3.  Triceps brachii
                4.  Biceps brachii
                5.  Flexors
        E.  Muscles of the Back
                1.  Latissimus Dorsi
                2.  Serratus Ventralis
                3.  Trapezius (generalized name)
                4.  Capitis group
                5.  Rhomboideus
                6.  Supraspinatus
                7.  Infraspinatus
                8.  Subscapularis
        F.  Muscles of the Leg
                1.  Gracilis
                2.  Sartorius
                3.  Adductor 
                4.  Semitendinosus
                5.  Semimembranosus
                6.  Biceps femoris
                7.  Rectus femoris
                8.  Vastus lateralis
                9.  Vastus medialis
                10.  Gastrocnemius
                11.  Tibialis anterior
                12.  Soleus
                13.  Tensor fasciae latae